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4th world Anarchists for a magazine as a community resource by us, for us.
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For this second issue, we’re looking for texts on Insurgency & Counter Insurgency.
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Essays, Reportbacks, Critiques, Poetry and Interviews* by Global Majority** anarchists and anti-authoritarians that present a critical look at ‘the social movement’ and anarchists & other radical’s relationship to it. Let’s talk about the repressive tactics the police, their defenders and their false critics have used against anarchists and others looking to do more than pose for photographs.
We’re tired of failing, we’re all sick of the pointless A-to-B marches in broad daylight that get us little more than photographed and kettled.
We’re bored of endless meetings that split hairs in four and overly waffle-filled analysis that benefits no one besides the person writing it.
We know there’s a better way to fight and that people are already at it. We just need to educate each other on how to turn the heat up.
*We can conduct these, over signal, over email or in person if given enough time, context and suggestions.
**Global Majority in this context refers to the people(s) who make up the majority of the world’s population, i.e. everyone but white people.
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“Anarchism is still the most beautiful ideal, and I think someday it will come,” wrote Lau Chung-Si (Ray Jones) from a small apartment in San Francisco. At the time he put these words to paper in 1974, he was a relic of another time. Jones was a Chinese man who, in 1909, immigrated to the United States and quickly became enamoured with the ideas of anarchism. He was involved in a collective of Chinese American anarchists in San Francisco named Pingsheh (Equality Society). He also attended meetings held by other anarchist organisations, as well as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). To date, not much has been written about the Chinese anarchists in America, but what has been written has focused on Ray Jones and the Equality Society. While acknowledging and continuing to use the Equality Society as a focal point, I am putting forward a preliminary analysis of the beliefs and praxis of Chinese American anarchists and their international connections as a part of a broader project of conceptualising Asian anarchism.
Information regarding Chinese American anarchists in America is fractured and spread far and wide. Most of the information analysed here was sourced from the Ray Jones Papers and the Him Mark Lai Collection at the UC Berkeley Ethnic Studies library. By cross-referencing of multiple sources, including first-hand accounts by the Chinese immigrants, newspapers distributed by the Chinese anarchist collectives, the writings of contemporaneous socialists and IWW members, and other miscellaneous materials, it is possible to reconstruct an image of the Chinese American anarchist movement, its involvement in the revolutionary struggle for anarchy, and their relationships to other political groups.
The Chinese American anarchist movement was born from the unique condition of being Asian immigrants who were exploited by American capitalists and unfairly excluded from unions by Marxists and reactionary trade unions such as the American Federation of Labor. It was the IWW’s acceptance of Chinese immigrants that ultimately led them to the philosophy of anarchism. These Chinese Americans deeply held anti-State and anti-capitalist principles and were in favour of anarchist communism, under which they engaged in the praxis of direct action. These Chinese American anarchists worked with groups within the larger anarchist movement on local, national, and international levels. Their adherence to anarchist principles and collaboration with other groups led to struggles locally with capitalist and State repression along with alienation from their homeland due to hostility from the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Chinese Communist Party.
Chinese immigrants failed in their attempts to join labour unions to combat the abysmal material conditions and exploitation that they faced under capitalism. A dogmatic belief in perverted formulation of Marx’s theories led many Marxists and like-minded socialists to exclude the Chinese immigrant proletariat from socialist labour unions and movements. In the 1900s, the Socialist Party of America was one of the largest socialist organisations in the United States. Their stance on Asian labourers was made clear by the “Summary of the Majority Report” at the 1910 Socialist Conference, which advocated for the:
‘…unconditional exclusion of Chinese, Japanese, Coreans [sic] and Hindus, not as races per se, not as peoples with definite physiological characteristics—but for the evident reason that these peoples occupy definite portions of the earth which are so far behind the general modern development of industry, psychologically as well as economically, that they constitute a drawback, an obstacle and menace to the progress of the most aggressive, militant and intelligent elements of our working class population.’
This is indicative of how many Marxists and adjacent socialists grouped Asian labourers as impediments to the revolution due to some perceived underdeveloped psychological and economic conditions. This line of thinking can largely be attributed to their understanding of Marx’s theory of historical materialism, which posits that a society needed to reach a certain stage of capitalist development before widespread class consciousness and revolutionary potential is possible. Since Marxists did not see Asian countries as having already reached that state of capitalism, they viewed the incorporation of Asian labourers as “fruitless and reactionary” and against the interest of the American working class as it would only hamper their revolutionary potential. However, the refusal to accept Asian labourers into unions cannot solely be attributed to racist revisions to Marx’s theories.
White supremacy was extremely prevalent in America which allowed those influenced by racism and xenophobia to add to the ongoing exclusion of Asian labourers. At the Socialist Conference, “Comrade Untermann … claimed that it was impossible to get the Asiatic laborers to understand the principles of labor organisation, much less of socialism.” This attitude demonstrates a belief of the racial inferiority of the Asian workers in comparison to their counterparts. While this supremacist view was common at the time, other socialists at the Socialist Conference challenged this thinking for being inherently racist — but to no avail. The anti-racist advocates were a minority at the Conference.
Despite anti-Asian biases being quite common amongst the American proletariat and socialist organisations, the heavily anarcho-syndicalist-adjacent IWW staunchly rejected any such sentiment as untrue and instead welcomed Asian labourers. The IWW’s view was articulated in the Industrial Union Bulletin’s coverage of The Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention’s “Resolution on Anti-Asiatic Persecution”:
‘In the past year several riots have occurred on the Pacific Coast directed against Asiatics on the ground that they are cheap labor … These Asiatics have, whenever an attempt has been made, shown their ability to organize, better their conditions and to stand true to their class … The interests of the working class are the same no matter what their race, creed and color and are diametrically opposed to the interests of the capitalist class, and … these outbreaks but serve to further divide the workers where they should be united, and therefore serve the interest of the master class, therefore, be it resolved … that we condemn the A.F. of L. [American Federation of Labor] as well as other so-called labor organizations who have in this respect aided the masters.’
The treatment of Chinese labourers as “cheap labor” by the bourgeoisie served as a means to cause conflict within the proletariat. By paying the Chinese little and engaging them primarily for physical labour, the bourgeoisie encouraged white workers to see them as inferior yet simultaneously as a threat to their economic position. This, in turn, caused division within the proletariat on racial lines which only benefited the capitalist class. The discrimination against Asian workers manifested in their exclusion from unions such as the American Federation of Labor and was countered in part by the IWW’s condemnation of labour unions that excluded Asian labourers.
The IWW accepted Chinese immigrants into its ranks and was “the only organisation that [had] ever done any organising among the Japanese and Chinese in [America].” The Asian labourers acted as other proletarians and had effectively organised for better conditions as described in the Industrial Union Bulletins (IUB):
‘None of the Japanese or Chinese who become members fail to realise their duty as to paying their dues and keeping in good standing. This cannot be said, truthfully, of all the “whites.” The Japanese and Chinese can be organised as rapidly as any other nationality. and when once pledged to stand with you, no fear or doubt needs to be entertained as to them, during labour trouble.’
The IUB emphasised that Asian labourers were just as effective and trustworthy as the white labourers, and were easily organised. Their actions showed that Marxist analysis of the revolutionary potential of the Asian immigrant proletariat was false and that the IWW’s recognition that the proletariat should be united by class against capital, regardless of race, was correct. Acceptance of Asian immigrants by the IWW led to the immigrants not only joining the IWW, but also adopting anarchist ideals in their own union called the Unionist Guild of America in order to focus on struggles more specific to their material conditions.
The principle at the core of anarchism is that all hierarchies are inherently oppressive and must be abolished. While the Chinese American anarchists fought for the deconstruction of all hierarchies, they placed an emphasis on critiquing the interconnected systemic oppression caused by the hierarchical structures of the State and capital. In their publication, Anarcho-Communist Monthly (ACM), they wrote:
‘[The private property system (Capitalism)] is when capitalists monopolise all production tools and production items, use the monetary system, and force us workers to be their wage slaves. We workers were forced by hunger and cold, so we sold our precious labour to them to do everything for them. We workers make everything in factories and cultivate various plants on farmland. However, everything we produce is owned by the capitalists.’
They viewed capitalism as a form of slavery under which they rented out their bodies in exchange for monetary compensation. Despite the workers labouring tirelessly to manufacture and farm goods, in actuality, they owned none of what they produced. Instead, their labour was stolen by the capitalist system under which both themselves and their labour were owned. However, besides capital, they acknowledged another hierarchical structure that contributed to the disparity between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie: the State.
The Chinese American anarchists acknowledged that the State was a tool wielded by the bourgeoisie to oppress the proletariat. In ACM, they wrote that:
‘Capitalists have occupied all production machines, not making them available to society, and depriving workers of their blood, sweat and lives … however, the government continues to defend the capitalists; if the workers have some demands on the capitalists, the government will immediately do its best to suppress our workers, intimidation, and even killing … the government must be overthrown and cannot be allowed to continue!’
Their analysis of society continued to critique the private ownership of the means of production by the bourgeoisie as it made the workers’ lives significantly worse. Furthermore, they added that the State always defended the interests of the ruling class. As the proletariat agitated through strikes and unionisation for better working conditions, the State would suppress the workers through tactics ranging anywhere from intimidation to full on massacres. Hence, the hierarchical structures of capital and the State were intertwined, and so, the Chinese American anarchists advocated the abolition of both.
The Chinese American anarchists desired to see a world antithetical to the current one with the State and capital replaced by anarchy and communism. In opposition to both the current system and their authoritarian counterparts on the left, they advocated for “free communism.” The Chinese anarchists described free communism as following the principle of “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” and how it could manifest in society:
‘That returns all property … to the common people, and the land to farmers. The villagers’ and peasants’ associations plan production, and the factories belong to the workers. The labor unions organized by the workers plan production, and distribution … Everyone works, everyone participates in all life decisions, there is no ruler, everyone freely enjoys the common products, and makes the best use of their talents and abilities.’
This conception of society aligns with the anarchist communism described by their primary inspiration, Pytor Kropotkin, as well as other classical anarchists while implementing elements of anarcho-syndicalism that were likely picked up from their work with the IWW. They wanted well-being for all, meaning that all needs would be fulfilled and work would be enjoyable. Additionally, these Chinese American anarchists wanted horizontal organisations in which each person had a say in the decisions made by their communities. This typically took the form of federated council structures that would elect a secretary to represent them for a limited time; these secretaries would advocate for their council’s position in larger district, provincial, and national gatherings. They believed that this could only be achieved through a society in which the proletariat owned the means of production with relationships characterised by free association.
As anarchism is a philosophy of praxis, the Chinese American anarchists’ means of abolishing hierarchies were intrinsically unified with their ends. They aimed for social revolution through the spreading of class consciousness and by using direct action to work toward their goals in a material way. The Equality Society published two newspapers: ACM and Equality. The purpose of these newspapers was to be the Chinese American anarchists’ “cry, [their] flag, and the sound of a bell that [aroused their] comrades” that “[promoted] anarchism and [recorded] news about the anarchist movement … [and] paid attention to the situation of Chinese workers in Europe and the United States.” The distribution of this literature was used to foster class consciousness within the Chinese immigrant proletariat by means of education. The content of a typical issue of either publication ranged from informative essays on the injustices of hierarchies of State and capital, to explanations of the ideas of anarchist communism, to critiques of Marxist-Leninist ideology, and to discussions on current events within their community and the broader anarchist movement. However, the “small monthly publication with black characters printed on white paper [was] not [their] main job, nor [was] it [their] only weapon.”
The primary form of direct action that the Equality Society took to fight against the State and capital was aiding unions and strikes. They distributed notices with support for the 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike and the The National Dollar Stores Strike, among others. While the Chinese American anarchists critiqued the strikes on issues like “the capitalist collaboration with the union leaders” and were “not yet satisfied with the limits of their demands,” they were otherwise extremely supportive of these strikes, “viewing them as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for [the] Chinese workers to liberate themselves.” Additionally, they viewed strikes as a way to:
‘…spread [their] own ideals among the working class. In order to promote the class consciousness of workers, consolidate partial strikes into general strikes, and transform the general strike mechanism into an armed revolution of the working class against capitalism and the state! This is the solution!’
For them, strikes held a two-fold purpose, the first and more obvious one being to agitate for better working conditions and the second being for the further spread of class consciousness. The Chinese American anarchists viewed strikes in individual industries as a path to a general strike federated between all industries which would give rise to the proletariat’s revolutionary potential. The revolutionary potential could then be harnessed by the proletariat to enact a social revolution to dismantle the oppressive systems of the State and capital, which they viewed as the solution to oppression.
However, for any revolutionary movement to exist, there needs to be more than a single group working toward it. While the Equality Society was certainly the largest group of Chinese American anarchists, there was another notable collective based on the other coast. The New York-based Jue She (Awakeness Society) was established by:
‘…[t]he Chinese in New York [that] have always expressed sympathy for the anarchist communists. Recently … some of the hard-working elements among them established the Awakeness Society in order to study knowledge, increase their knowledge, explore the truth, and transform society.’
These Chinese American anarchists from New York performed essentially the same tasks as that of the Equality Society, their primary difference being geographic location. Interestingly, according to the historian Paul Avrich, “Its main figures were Yat Tone and Eddie Wong, who had come to New York from the Equality Group in San Francisco.” While there were other notable members, such as Gray Wu, who were not part of the Equality Society, the Chinese American anarchists in New York drew much of their inspiration and praxis from the experiences of the Equality Society in San Francisco. This established transcontinental connections between the Chinese American anarchists on both coasts, though their reach went well beyond just these two groups.
The Chinese American anarchists embraced proletarian unity and worked with a variety of different groups to achieve their revolutionary ends. The Equality Society most frequently worked with the IWW and local anarchist groups, primarily from immigrant communities. As noted in Equality:
‘The city’s Jewish, Russian, Italian, and Chinese anarchist comrades … picnic meeting on the 23rd of last month in this city … In addition to speeches, there were also music and ball games to add to the fun. It was also suggested by a Russian comrade that the four groups should unite in the future and hold a regular meeting every Saturday night to facilitate communication.’
The collaboration with other immigrant groups allowed for the Chinese American anarchists to create solidarity within their area through meetings. The purpose of these meetings was to foster bonds between the groups in order to build community rather than wholly being focused on their revolutionary project. Meanwhile, the Awakeness Society had a cooperative restaurant called Jade Mountain that “[raised] money for The Road to Freedom.” Connections with other anarchist groups allowed for solidarity and organisation in their communities. However, these networks spanned far beyond just locally.
The Chinese American anarchists were also connected to anarchists abroad. For example, they were in correspondence with Emma Goldman and the Equality publication was “co-organized by our comrades who live in Europe and the United States.” Additionally, the Equality Society was in frequent contact with the noted anarchist translator and writer Ba Jin and the mainland Chinese anarchists, as well as anarchists in Japan. Jones in particular corresponded with Ba Jin on current events in China and the publication of the Equality in Shanghai, as well. Meanwhile, analyses and overviews of the material conditions and revolutionary movements in China and Japan were frequently published in Equality and ACM, such as “Chinese Anarchism and Organizational Issues” and “The Anarcho-Syndicalist Movement in Japan.” Yet while these transnational connections allowed for communication and solidarity with the wider anarchist movement, it also came with consequences.
Chinese American anarchist activities in China led to oppression as their anti-hierarchical beliefs put them in opposition to both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. The Chinese American anarchists described their position in Equality:
‘In the past, the Communist Party and the Kuomintang both wanted to help [people]. Now, although the Communist Party is still active everywhere and the Kuomintang is still in dictatorship … and the general public have nothing but resentment and resistance towards them.’
The Chinese populace viewed both the Kuomintang and Communist Party as having abandoned the people, instead prioritising their party’s political revolution to gain power. This led not only anarchists but also the general public to resent both parties instead of siding with either. In the ensuing clash with the Kuomintang, various anarchist operations were crushed by the party. Work on the aforementioned Shanghai-based edition of Equality was put to an end after “[their] distributing site [was] discovered by the Kuomintang.” The Chinese State decided to target these anarchists because they presented a threat to the status quo.
Chinese American anarchists’ principles also led them to trouble within the community of Chinese Americans in the United States. During the Sino-Japanese War, Ray Jones stuck to the anarchist principle of being anti-war as “the army, navy, air force … are all used to fight for the property of the country’s [bourgeoisie], and to … kill … the people.” As the anarchists deviated from the nationalistic tendencies harboured by their fellow immigrants, they faced consequences. Jones’ adherence to his beliefs led to him being physically assaulted at the San Francisco branch of Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association due to his refusal to contribute to the war fund.
Due to the Chinese American anarchists’ spread of libertarian ideas that opposed State and capital, they faced repression at the hands of the United States government. In many cases there was collaboration between the State and capital as Chinatown “employers … turned to the headquarters of the persecution for assistance, which was, of course, cheerfully rendered.” In this, the Chinese American anarchists’ analysis of the State as a protector of bourgeoisie class interests was shown to be true. The actions against the Equality Society mostly took the form of police raids upon their headquarters and arrests of their members. In a 1928 issue of Chung Sai Yat Po, a local news publication, it was reported that:
Two Chinese people were arrested: they were brought to the precinct. The prosecution’s case against them accused them of illegally distributing leaflets … The Immigration Bureau sent translators to translate the “May Day Special Issue” and “Equality” pamphlets. Many of them were printed by the Equality Society … The group is suspected of spreading anarchism.
The United States government targeted the Chinese American anarchists for raising class consciousness through the distribution of literature. This was indicative that the United States government was somewhat threatened by the Chinese American anarchists’ efforts to educate the proletariat on the ideas of anarchism, pushing for an understanding that would endanger its monopoly of violence. Yet despite the arrests of the Equality Society’s members and confiscation of their literature by the police, they were “still determined to work hard on [their] work as usual.” The Chinese American anarchists were unyielding in their pursuit of the anarchist cause.
Though these hopeful revolutionaries made meaningful change and supported the proletariat to the best of their ability, the Chinese American anarchist movement died out following World War II. It was likely that this happened due to a combination of factors: continued repression by the State and capital, the Chinese immigrant proletariat embracing rising Maoist currents, and the general decline of the international anarchist movement.
The Chinese American anarchist movement was one that was uniquely formed from the exclusion of the Chinese immigrants from the wider American Left. Once they had adopted anarchism, they were steadfast in their anti-hierarchical beliefs, demonstrated through their attempts to move closer toward equality by the use of direct action. The international connections of the Chinese American anarchists allowed for them to communicate with the wider anarchist movement, although this sometimes resulted in additional state repression both in China and the United States. The work of the Chinese American anarchists remains relevant to this day, demonstrating that while the revolution may not come tomorrow, it is essential to continue grassroots efforts to organise and educate communities on the oppressive nature of hierarchies and how to combat them, both individually and collectively. Those who strive toward a more egalitarian world must not give up hope. In the words of Jones, “In this dark world … I seek brightness.”
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “告工人” [Tell Workers]. June 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “奴隸問題” [On the Slavery Problem]. August 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “紐約覺社成立” [New York Awakeness Society Established]. November 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “告民眾” [Inform the People]. November 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “奴隸問題” [On the Slavery Problem]. July 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “三藩市總罷工失敗的檢討” [Reflection on the Failure of the San Francisco General Strike]. September 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
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Equality (San Francisco, CA). “我們的宣言” [Our Manifesto]. July 1927. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “無政黨與共產黨不同” [The Difference Between Anarchism and Marxism]. n.d. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Box 1, Folder 18, Ray Jones Papers, Him Mark Lai Collection, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “本刊啓事” [About this Publication]. July 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “中國無政府主義與組織問題” [Chinese Anarchism and Organizational Issues]. August 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “一個問題的問答” [Questions and Answers]. September 1929. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “小消息” [Some News]. November 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
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Equality (San Francisco, CA). “我們現在應該怎樣做呢?” [What Should We Do Now?]. July 1928. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
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Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “誰是空想?” [Who’s Fantasizing]. September 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “辯證法的唯物史觀之批評” [Critique of Historical Materialism]. December 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “我的社會信仰” [My Social Beliefs]. July 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “無政府淺說” [A Brief Introduction to Anarchism]. August 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “無政府主義是什麼?” [What is Anarchism?]. November 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “評三藩市總同盟罷工” [Comment on the San Francisco General League Strike]. August 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “我們的綱領” [Our Program]. June 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “頭等走狗羅斯福嘯” [Roosevelt is a Lackey of the Bourgeoisie]. June 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “誤解?中傷隨感” [Misunderstanding or Slander?]. July 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “給我們工作做!” [Give Us Work]. December 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “無政府淺說” [A Brief Introduction to Anarchism]. September 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “無政府主義是什麼?” [What is Anarchism?]. December 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “日本的無政府工阁主義運動 “ [The Anarcho-Syndicalist Movement in Japan]. November 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “在十字路” [At the Crossroads]. November 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “斥駁共產黨” [Refute of the Communist Party]. September 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “無政府淺說” [A Brief Introduction to Anarchism]. June 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “無政府淺說” [A Brief Introduction to Anarchism]. November 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “我們在那裏” [We Are There]. November 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “無政府淺說” [A Brief Introduction to Anarchism]. July 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “所謂國民革命” [The So-Called National Revolution]. June 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “共產黨說鬼話” [The Communist Party Speaks Nonsense]. July 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “當心罷!走狗們” [Watch Out, Capitalist Lackeys]. June 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “斥駁共產黨” [Refute of the Communist Party]. August 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “無政府淺說” [A Brief Introduction to Anarchism]. December 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Anarcho-Communist Monthly (San Francisco, CA). “我們的戰暑” [We Are Fighting]. June 1934. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Carton 1, Folder 35, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality. “怎樣認識報紙的真面目” [How to Understand the True Meaning of Newspapers]. n.d. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Box 1, Folder 18, Ray Jones Papers, Him Mark Lai Collection, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality. “告勞動民眾” [Inform the Workers]. n.d. Translated by Liao (April 2024). Box 1, Folder 18, Ray Jones Papers, Him Mark Lai Collection, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “改造的時到橫了嗎?” [Is It Time For Revolution?]. March 1929. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “我們的閒話” [Our Talk]. September 1929. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “人” [People]. August 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “復歸於行動的無政府主義” [Anarchism Returned to Action]. September 1929. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “小消息” [Some News]. July 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “日本無政府主義運動略史” [A Brief History of the Japanese Anarchist Movement]. July 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “我們這姿這不公平的社會麼?” [Is Our Society Such an Unfair One?]. July 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “平等” [Equality]. July 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “華工解放的機會到了” [The Opportunity to Liberate Chinese Workers Has Arrived]. n.d. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Box 1, Folder 18, Ray Jones Papers, Him Mark Lai Collection, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “小消息” [Some News]. August 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Equality (San Francisco, CA). “日本無政府主義運動略史(續)” [A Brief History of the Japanese Anarchist Movement]. August 1927. Translated by Liao (April, 2024). Carton 1, Folder 34, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
The Freedom Press. Letter to Ray Jones, March 25, 1964. Box 1, Folder 5, Ray Jones Papers, Him Mark Lai Collection, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Industrial Union Bulletin (Chicago, IL). “A Field for Organizers in the Northwest.” May 23, 1908, 1. Accessed February 10, 2024.
Industrial Union Bulletin (Chicago, IL). “The Yellow Peril.” May 15, 1913, 2. Accessed April 5, 2024.
Kung Sing (San Francisco, CA), March 1924.
Kung Sing (San Francisco, CA), April 1924.
Lee, Olden, and George Lau. Interview by Him Mark Lai, Marilyn Koon, and Sam Ahtye. San Francisco, CA. January 9, 1973. Box 121, Him Mark Lai Papers, Asian American Studies Archive, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA.
Christiansen, Jonathan A. “‘We Are All Leaders: Anarchism and the Narrative of the Industrial Workers of the World.” Industrial Workers of the World. Last modified September 1, 2009. Accessed April 3, 2024.
Dirlik, Arif. Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991. Accessed April 11, 2024.
Foner, Philip S. Industrial Workers of the World. Vol. 4 of History of the Labor Movement in the United States. New York City, NY: International Publishers, 1977.
Kropotkin, Pytor. Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution. New York City, NY: McClure Phillips & Company, 1902. Accessed April 11, 2024.
Kropotkin, Pytor. “Syndicalism and Anarchism.” Anarchist Union of North Germany (Germany), 1908.
Lai, Him Mark. “A Historical Survey of the Chinese Left in America.” Counterpoint: Perspectives on Asian America, 1976, 63-80. Accessed February 10, 2024.
Lai, Him Mark. “In Unity There Is Strength: Chinese Workers’ Fight For a Better Life.” East/West (San Francisco, CA), May 1, 1974, 6-8. Accessed January 11, 2024.
Mitch. “Chinese Anarchists in the 1920’s USA – the Equality Society.” Anarcho-Syndicalist Review (Philadelphia, PA), 2006. Accessed January 11, 2024.
Rocks, Morgan. “Beyond the bounds of revolutions : Chinese in transnational anarchist networks from the 1920s to the 1950s.” PhD diss., University of British Columbia, 2020. Accessed January 11, 2024.
This short peice is also avalible as a flyer in readable and printable formats. Its also on our kofi to order in sets of three.
The Sudanese working class have always stood and fought for their freedom, from the multi-century struggle against British, Ottoman and Egyptian imperialism to the ongoing struggle against the neocolonialism of the UAE. In recent history, the Sudanese working class have come together to topple dictatorship after dictatorship. October 1964: Ibrahim Abbud’s regime was brought down by a general strike. 1985: Muhammad Numeiri’s dictatorship felt the same fate following years of industrial action across many sectors, often tied together with the student movement.
December 2018-19: President al-Bashir was deposed following a relentless campaign of strikes and sit-ins, many of which were brutally suppressed by the Army and Police. Most notably a demonstration outside the armed forces headquarters being massacred by the army, 100 people were martyred. The military coup of the civilian government that took over after the 2019 revolution is what led to the ongoing war and the displacement of millions. Despite this the workers, students and youth of Sudan have formed resistance committees, direct-democratic assemblies, often organised online, these initiatives have helped get food and medicine to people who needed it while steering people away from siding with government forces or the RSF—two sides of the colonialist, genocidal coin.
تسقط بس
Just Fall
“We, anarchists of Khartoum, are members of the “resistance committees” and we raise our flags during marches with the rest of the revolutionaries, and we promote anarchy by writing graffiti on the walls. We oppose all types of authoritarianism. We are for freedom of expression and individual autonomy.”
Sudan: Anarchists Against the Military Dictatorship
لا تفاوض، لا شراكة، لا شرع
No Negotiation, No Partnership, No Haggling
In December 2018, students in the city of Atbara, furious over an overnight doubling of bread prices, took to the streets in protest. Their actions ignited demonstrations across Sudan, as widespread anger over the economic conditions under the dictatorial regime boiled over. The SPA—a coalition of several labour unions and others—called for widespread protests forcing the regime to begin to crumble. The informal unions and political parties who took a leadership role in the early parts of the uprising later on became co-opted by the military forces. The emergence of the Sudanese anarchist movement in late 2019 as well as the learnings from the repression from the 2013 uprising, influenced the broader politics of the resistance movement in the streets.
To avoid state repression of the protects, the people organising in the neighbourhoods—called for the formation of neighbourhood resistance committees (RCs). Localised committees of people that would organise and coordinate protests in their areas. Initially, the RCs served primarily as a tactical response: grassroots cells that stretch security forces’ resources across multiple areas, thereby reducing the risk of brutal repression. Over time, the committees evolved into spaces for local people in the neighbourhoods to express their political demands. While the competing neo-colonial interests fought for control of the political narrative, the RCs positioned themselves as independent political actors. Beyond organising protests, the resistance committees took on additional responsibilities, such as providing basic services and coordinating public actions.
Even though the RCs were operating leaderless, the nature of post-colonial nationalism that’s present in modern Sudan limited opportunities for going beyond nation-statehood. A severing with the state once and for all. Furthermore, Due in part to social constraints around women’s late-night involvement, the people who tended to be at the late-night meetings were mostly young men. Meanwhile, in the protest actions themselves, women and girls often outnumbered men.
For now, the resistance committees provide an example of local spaces where people can encounter each other.
السلطةسلطةشعب
Power is the power of the people
Following the outbreak of conflict in April 2023 between rival armed factions, Emergency Response Rooms (often referred to as ERs) emerged in many parts of Sudan. Modelled loosely on the local, grassroots structure of the RCs, the ERs quickly provided vital humanitarian relief. The Emergency Response Rooms illustrated a new phase in the social revolution as local emergency response people organised statelessly and autonomously against the conflict. Without state institutions, they assumed responsibility for operating health facilities independently. Over time, the scope of the ERs expanded, encompassing assistance for people fleeing active conflict zones, mobilising communities to repair or maintain water and electricity infrastructure damaged by ongoing clashes, operating community kitchens, and distributing emergency rations—often with the support of local and diaspora donations.
السلام والحرية والتضامن
Peace, freedom and solidarity
References
“Flowers Will Emerge from the Desert”: Interviews and Communiqués from Sudanese Anarchists Available at: https://muntjacmag.noblogs.org/files/2024/12/Flowers-Sudan.pdf
Khartoum City Resistance Committees Coordination Press Release Available at: https://resistancecommittee.com/en/press-release-august-31-march-khartoum-city-resistance-committees-coordination/
You’re Always on That Phone: How Being Online Sustained Sudan’s Youth Revolution
Available at: https://logicmag.io/issue-21-medicine-and-the-body/youre-always-on-that-phone-how-being-online-sustained-sudans-youth/
Sudan: Anarchists Against the Military Dictatorship Available at: https://cs.crimethinc.com/2021/12/31/sudan-anarchists-against-the-military-dictatorship-an-interview-with-sudanese-anarchists-gathering
The Revolution in Sudan: Interview with a Resistance Committee Organizer Available at: https://itsgoingdown.org/the-revolution-in-sudan-interview-with-a-resistance-committee-organizer/
Organising under a Military Dictatorship: An Interview with Sudanese Anarchists Available at: https://libcom.org/article/organising-under-military-dictatorship-interview-sudanese-anarchist-gathering
The Future of the Resistance Committees in Sudan Available at: https://spectrejournal.com/the-future-of-the-resistance-committees-in-sudan
Barbarism in Sudan: a desperate appeal for help from Sudan’s anarchists! Available at: https://freedomnews.org.uk/2024/04/22/barbarism-in-sudan-a-desperate-appeal-for-help-from-sudans-anarchists/
Written by Sunwo and Mutt.
The Sudanese Anarchist Gathering formed in 2018 during the December Revolution. They are a group of young men and women that met during demonstrations and in universities despite political repression against student organising.
We have prepared a zine of texts by sudanese anarchists which can be downloaded for free or ordered from our ko-fi, with proceeds being donated to the Sudanese Anarchsit Gathering.
If you are an org or group of friends who want to put on an event to support the Sudanese Anarchist Gathering or other Sudanese people resisting war and genocide, get in touch and we can send you a box of the zine for free.
Below is a post we are sharing from the CNT-AIT, cut and paste from a repost by Freedom Press
Translated from Actualité de l’Anarchosyndicalisme.
Content warning: contains accounts of war crimes, including rape.
In the previous issue of Anarchosyndicalisme, the CNT-AIT echoed the call for solidarity from anarchists in Sudan.
Since a terrible war broke out on 15 April 2023 between two military factions – the Rapid Support Forces (or Janjaweed militias) against the official army – civilians have been living in a climate of “pure terror” because of a “ruthless and senseless conflict”, denounced by the UN with general indifference. At least 15,000 people have died, and more than 26,000 have been injured, but these figures are certainly underestimates.
There are 11 million internally displaced people, 1.8 million people in exile, and 18 million people at acute risk of starvation. 8 million workers have lost their jobs and their income. 70% of areas no longer have water or electricity, 75% of hospitals have been destroyed, 19 million students have stopped studying, 600 industrial plants have been destroyed and looted, as have 110 banks, 65% of agriculture has been destroyed, 80% of inputs (fertilisers, pesticides, agricultural machinery and harvesters) in the Geziera irrigated area – the largest in the world – have been looted and destroyed, etc.
The media and activist silence surrounding Sudan is allowing soldiers on both sides to commit genocide with impunity. The conflict between the two clans has many components: ethnic, with its trail of reciprocal genocides (according to the UN); “imperialist”, because each of the two opposing groups is supported by various foreign powers that covet Sudan for its natural resources and its strategic location. But above all, it is a “counter-revolutionary” war. By putting the country to fire and blood, it has crushed the hopes of the civil and democratic revolution. And drove many of the revolution’s activists into exile. By completely destabilising the country, this war has enabled the leaders of the former regime to remain in power without being tried for the crimes they committed over decades (during the military dictatorship and then the coup d’état).
The Revolutionary Committees, in which our anarchist companions participate, are trying to maintain their activity, but this is becoming increasingly difficult with the escalation of violence by the two military factions.
Following the appeal for solidarity, we received more than 1,200 euros (including 200 euros from the companions of the Kurdish-language anarchist forum, KAF), which we were able to pass on to our Sudanese companions. This solidarity enabled them to organise humanitarian distributions of blankets, hygiene products (sanitary pads, soap, toothpaste) and infant milk. A reception area for children was organised, with drawing materials and elementary classes, giving the children a chance to escape the madness of war.
But today, the situation is becoming impossible. The violence of the military groups is unleashed. The Janjaweed militias are behaving like barbarians towards civilians. They murdered our companion Sarah after raping her. For their part, the soldiers are arresting and torturing revolutionaries, accusing them of being allied with the Janjaweed. Our companions urgently need to seek shelter in neighbouring countries. We are relaying their desperate appeal to the international anarchist movement.
If you would like to make a contribution, please send cheques made payable to CNT AIT to CNT-AIT 7 rue St Rémésy 31000 TOULOUSE, or via PayPal: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/cntait1
Greetings from the revolutionary comrades of Sudan to all the anarchists of the world!
After the regime attempted to destroy and dismantle the glorious December Revolution, the outbreak of the 15 April war caused the displacement of 15 million Sudanese, the suffering of the entire population, the onset of famine and the deterioration of the humanitarian situation. And now the Islamic brigades have launched campaigns targeting revolutionaries and have made numerous arrests and surrenders.
The group of Sudanese anarchists invites you to show solidarity with it so that it can continue its great liberation activity and take it up again, including from abroad.
We would like you to help us get some of our companions out of the country, where they are threatened with arbitrary arrest.
Down with the fascist military regime, down with the Janjaweed brigades!
No to the arrest of revolutionaries, No to the torture of revolutionaries!
Long live the Free Revolution of December!
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WHAT CAN YOU DO IN SOLIDARITY WITH THE PEOPLE OF SUDAN?
You can do a lot, individually or with a few people. The important thing is to talk about Sudan so that as many people as possible are informed about what is happening there!
1) Keep up to date with the situation in Sudan via the SudfaMedia [French].
2) Send messages of solidarity to contact@cnt-ait.info, and we’ll pass them on to our fellow anarchists in Sudan.
3) Talk on social media to your family, your friends, and your work colleagues about Sudan, its revolution and the abomination of the army, the rapid forces and the Islamists. A 4-page explanation of the situation can be downloaded here [in French].
4) Organise leaflet distributions [French], press tables, solidarity collections and events in solidarity with the Sudanese people and against the massacres.
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Military in barracks and militias (janjawid) must disband
No negotiation, no partnership, no haggling
Against war
Power is the power of the people
Peace, freedom and solidarity
Let us not abandon the anarchists of Sudan! Solidarity and mutual support make us stronger!
Shola Von Reinhold – LOTE
A masterclass in execution of anarchist literature in form and politic. About the archive, doing crimes, & the extraction of Black radical thought from Black trans women
Michael Rolph Troulil – Stirring the Pot of Haitian History
A history of the Haitian revolution and counterrevolution
Hashi Kenneth Tafira – Black Nationalist Thought In South Africa
How Black nationalist thought came to be and transformed thru tha times
Diana Block – Clandestine Occupations: An Imaginary History
Fiction about a woman who goes underground in america during the 70s – about those guerilla groups that popped up at this time
Darcus Howe – From Bobby to Babylon: Blacks & the British Police
Produced in the aftermath of the uprisings that shook Britain in 1981 and how they arose out of systematic racism, poverty, unemployment and rage against the police.
Mohammed El-Kurd – Perfect Victims: and the Politics of Appeal
Hybachi LeMar – The Ghetto Bred Anarchist
Felwine Sarr – Afroutopia
Orisanmi Burton – Tip Of The Spear
Source: http://oclibertaire.lautre.net/spip.php?article4261 & https://www.ainfos.ca/en/ainfos52441.html
Introduction
France is no stranger to uprisings of racialized youth following murders of their brethren at the hands of the police.
October 27th, 2005, three Black and Arab youths flee from a police patrol, knowing that they will be subject to an identity check and possible detention for hours at a police station. The police terrify them and force them into an electrical substation. Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré are killed while the third child Muhittin Altun survives but is severely injured.
February 4th, 2017, french cops rape and humiliate Théodore Luhaka, a Black man. In March of that same year Liu Shaoyao, a Chinese Man, was murdered by French police who claimed he came at them with a pair of scissors.
June 27th, 2023, Nahel Merzouk, a North African teenager, is murdered by police, the murder is filmed from several angles and shared widely online.
December 10th, 2024, Abdoulaye, a Black man who suffered with mental health conditions was murdered in police custody, in 2023 he was the center of a viral video in which he was struck by an unmarked police car before being leapt on by cops in body armour.
The response to these atrocities is always the same;
-fascists raise money for the cops, raising millions of euros
-the police are given new powers of search, detention and exclusion,
-liberals, civil society organisations, Black/Asian/Arab/Muslim “rights” orgs (assimilationists) stand in a square and talk into megaphones about “justice” and “accountability”
-leftists propose something between police “reform” and forced employment
-right wingers propose immigration restrictions
-shop owners buy new security equipment (cameras, shutters)
-lumpen, anarchists and militant members of the mourning communities take to the streets, fight the police, burn cars, loot shops, start fires.
-the family of the deceased appear on national television, demanding peace with tears in their eyes.
Mutt.
The Revolts Following The Death Of Nahel
At the OCL (Organisation Communiste Libertaire) meetings this summer, a discussion was organized, based on the presentation of the brochure “Souffleur sur les braises” on the revolts following the death of Nahel, in Nanterre last summer. —- This brochure gives the floor to 5 people who live in Hérouville, a suburb of Caen, and participated in the fiery nights of their neighborhood. Some people were known for a long time, or crossed paths in the Yellow Vests (GJ) or more recent struggles, others were unknown before this meeting. The desire was to show solidarity and undo the distance between the revolutionary movements and these revolts.
Nahel, a 17-year-old, was killed by a police officer in Nanterre on June 27, 2023, the day after riots broke out in Nanterre, then the day after that everywhere in France. The comparison with 2005 does not seem relevant to the authors of the brochure, because at the time the revolt was confined to the suburbs of large cities and especially in the Paris region. In 2023, riots broke out in small towns of 4/5000 inhabitants, where police stations were attacked with Molotov cocktails, tobacco shops looted, cars burned. A generalized revolt that lasted 5/6 nights, with attacks by cops using mortars, damage to public buildings or banks, looting of stores, often with redistribution to the population, as happened in Caen in 3 working-class neighborhoods.
The Ministry of the Interior counts 23,878 fires, 12,000 vehicles set on fire, 2,500 public buildings damaged including 273 police and gendarmerie premises, 105 town halls, 168 schools. The Medef speaks of a billion euros of deficit for companies following the damage. By comparison, during the movement against the pension reform which lasted several weeks, there were 299 attacks against public institutions. This shows the degree of intensity of these few nights of revolts and everywhere in France.
Why did it explode this time?
Indeed, this is not the first time that a young person has been shot by the police and the reactions are rarely of such magnitude. There are at least 3 elements that can explain these riots. First, a saturation effect due to the increase in the number of people injured or killed by gunfire since the 2017 laws that give cops more possibilities to shoot, then the very shocking video of Nahel’s death that circulated very quickly on social networks and finally references to the film Athena (1), “we do like Athena!” shouted the rioters.
The organization was done in small groups with young people aged 13/14, the older ones came to support them. They also dropped them off by car in other places in the city, so that it would be faster. The interviewees are 20/25 and are clearly among the oldest. As an anecdote, two 50-year-old friends who wanted to participate were accosted and searched by the young people, who did not know them and suspected them of being cops. A whole neighborhood solidarity was set up, with the older brothers, the families who reported where the cops were and left the doors of the buildings open so that the young people could take shelter. Links between the neighborhoods that are usually opposed, made it possible to start all at the same time and thus disperse the cops, but also to exchange information on the cops and for the mortars. The mortars were brought back from Poland and Germany by go-fasts like the dealer, and then distributed in the different neighborhoods.
From the start, a call was made: “we don’t touch people’s vehicles, but public things”. The targets were surveillance cameras, streetlights to avoid being spotted, schools, town halls, bus and tram companies, shopping centers on the edge of neighborhoods, tobacconists (436 in France), sports shops, banks. In Hérouville, there weren’t enough cops, about thirty, and they could only hold the central square, where there are shops, a theater, and also a market square. At one point, the cops left, telling the young people, “you’re burning down your neighborhood anyway, we don’t care”. As soon as they left, the young people attacked the bank and managed to get in. The cops came back immediately and charged, there was no question of letting them touch the banks.
In Hérouville, as everywhere, the repression caused a lot of injuries from flashballs and stun grenades, there were at least 3 arrests. It was the first time that the GIGN was present, as well as many drones. In France, there were 1,300 arrests, followed by 762 convictions to a firm sentence, on average 8 months of incarceration. The GIGN and sometimes the RAID intervened everywhere in France and drones were widely used. Curfews were introduced, in Caen buses and trams stopped their service from 7 p.m. and gas stations also closed at 7 p.m.
The Yellow Vests of Caen were for many people from working class neighborhoods. From this movement, there remain in Hérouville informal collectives, for example a garden at the foot of the towers where there are aperitifs, food recovery and solidarity. Since the riots, 4 cameras planted at the top of the towers, monitor the garden permanently.
There were attempts by activists to make connections in a more or less clumsy way. A demonstration was called in the city center, many people from the neighborhoods came. The people who called for the demonstration took the lead of the procession with somewhat angry slogans: “we’re going to smash everything, we’re going to do our shopping”. By saying we’re going to do our shopping, they announce we’re going to loot and in fact they don’t do it. The people from the neighborhoods who have been looting for several nights are disgusted and announce that they won’t come back. At the next demonstration, there will only be 50 people. They weren’t given the lead of the procession, nor the megaphones, and in addition 4 people were arrested, they were a bit bitter. They feel more vulnerable in the city center and don’t know where to hide unlike in the neighborhood. The left-wing organizations organized a solidarity demonstration in September in Caen. She leaves from the only working-class neighborhood where nothing happened at the end of June, pure coincidence?
If it only lasted a few nights and if some places were not attacked, it is probably so as not to disturb business. This is a reality of the neighborhoods that the struggles are confronted with. It is also due to the lack of mortars that were used to keep the cops at a distance, and also of course because of the repression. People died during these riots, including one in Marseille from a flashball shot at point-blank range.
We have every interest in getting closer to the people who revolted because they are cool, even if there are lots of contradictions.
In other cities
In Reims , a city of 220,000 inhabitants, in a district of 30,000 inhabitants, average income 890 euros, 37% of unemployed under 25s, 27% of single-parent families, priority district of the city, there is a small tradition of riots, notably during the acquittal of a baker from the FN who had killed a young man who had stolen croissants from her. These are the images we see at the beginning of the film “La haine”. Last year, there were 2 days of riots, with very young participants and adults who followed them, without being masked, and sometimes regulated, preventing them from attacking certain places, such as the Post Office where they receive their RSA. A store was targeted, but not the one run by the Chechens, nor the Kabyles’ tobacco shop where the old men play PMU. The police station, which is empty at night, was attacked, but not the national police academy or the CRS barracks near the neighborhood. Contacts were made via Snapchat or Instagram loops, already created at the high school or elsewhere. The looting is anecdotal: coke, Yop, sweets, and the next morning the mothers came to stock up on the groceries necessary for survival, then later it was the alcohol that was stolen. The HLM office was attacked, we don’t know by whom, but certainly not by the kids. The police remained very discreet, no major clashes as long as it remained in the neighborhood. On the other hand, roadblocks were set up in the city center to prevent people from going there.
In the 93 , the riots were less significant than in 2005. Some things are surprising. In Bobigny, for example, the looting was more of their mother’s shopping. Rosny 2, the largest shopping center in the 93, was apparently looted by young people from residential areas. The darons who protect certain buildings already existed in 2005, but it was more organized in 2023. In Blanc-Mesnil, mothers had meals in front of the municipal swimming pool to protect it. Everything was burning around it, but the general high school, which has a glass facade and would have been an easy target, was not hit, the vocational high school was. The silent march for Nahel’s death in the city center of Nanterre attracted an impressive crowd, very calm and family-oriented. It degenerated as they approached the prefecture, surely by provocation from the many police officers, to prevent Nahel’s family from speaking out.
Mantes la Jolie , 40,000 inhabitants, is known because it is where the 151 high school students were forced to stay on their knees, hands on their heads, while they blocked their high school to oppose the reform of the baccalaureate and Parcoursup, but also in support of the Yellow Vests. There was little solidarity for these high school students, despite the collective for the defense of young people from Mantois that was created on this occasion, 150 people at the demonstrations, mainly the left and the far left. The situation was identical in June, just a demonstration of 30 people called by Solidaires where there were twice as many cops. An attempt to create union solidarity, by explaining that the rioters do not come out anywhere, that they are from our class, the children of our friends, of our colleagues, remained very much in the minority. On the possibility of getting involved, same thing as in Caen when you are over 30, it leaves a feeling of unease. There are very few political forces left in the neighborhoods. The MIB (2) or the collective against double punishment, which could, in their time, provide a link between political forces and the inhabitants of working-class neighborhoods, no longer exist.
In Toulouse , we quickly realized that the neighborhoods were already structured into teams, and that there was no place to join them, unlike the GJ where you could join a roundabout. So, we wanted to do public and reachable things, with the idea of extending the fight, taking it out of the ghetto, multiplying the offensives, this resulted in a demonstration of 400 activists completely supervised by the cops. We would have done better to do things on our own, block things. We must stop asking ourselves the question of the outside or even of solidarity, but rather that of how we get into the fight and not how we support. It is certainly easier to do anti-repression than to get involved.
There were agreements with the dealers not to start the riots too early, so that they could sell. We also saw people patrolling the neighborhoods to watch their cars.
In the 92 in Chatenay Malabry , the Butte Rouge is a very important 100% HLM city, with projects for rehabilitation, destruction, privatization. There were no riots in 2005, but there, the annex town hall burned and the tramway – an important element of gentrification to bring more affluent people to the city – was damaged. In the 1970s, there were lots of associations, the Fasti, the Gisti (3) …, a MJC managed by the inhabitants and the Communist Party. Now there is nothing left, the opposition is 20 people in a city of 35,000 inhabitants. There is no political life, but clientelism with gentrification and the urban planning where everyone is gorging themselves. When we created a collective to resist the reconstructions in the Butte Rouge neighborhood, we couldn’t get a room, or at the last minute. The posters were taken down the same day. People are afraid that they won’t be given housing or that they’ll be evicted, so they don’t resist much. And the mayors are going to have even more power to allocate social housing. The associations are hyper legalistic. To buy social peace, all the communities have their own room and subsidies. These 40 years of depoliticizing the neighborhoods explain why things are going to explode. In 2005, we won, what, a police station in the center of the neighborhood.
On the issue of the presence of girls and women in the riots
In the Yellow Vests, women were very present and it lasted for more than a year with a lot of discussions. What about these riots? For some, it is a spontaneous revolt of anger by people who are used to occupying the streets, who find it legitimate to do so. For others, girls are less present than guys in the riots, but it is no different from what happens elsewhere. Guys have a strong feeling of anger, because they are the ones who are always arrested and hassled by the police.
There were young and older women in the demonstrations. In Hérouville, women and children walked around the neighborhood to watch the cops and protect from afar.
In Rennes, girls were discussing how to make Molotov cocktails with tampons. They were taking part in looting stores. The rioters were quite young, and there is repression within the family. Who lets their daughters out at night? And that is not the same as saying that the street was forbidden to girls.
The repression
We see that the Senate was expecting a revolt, thanks to the surveillance of social networks, but not who, where and how. We find a lot of interesting information on the Senate Information Mission. It notes at least one incident in 330 cities, including cities that have never seen this kind of riots like Vierzon. In Montargis people went to destroy the city center. Those who are convicted are first-time offenders with an average age of 14, the youngest is 12 years old for a firm sentence.
In Reims, there were convictions in immediate appearance and probably bans from the territory for some of the accused who were not seen again in the neighborhood. There was no solidarity from the left or the far left, no follow-up of the trials. The residents of the neighborhood were punished collectively, no public transport for 6 weeks, the renovation of the bus shelters took more than 4 months. The mayor of Reims proposed to punish the parents of the rioters by depriving them of social housing and family allowances.
All the inhabitants of the 93 have suffered collective punishment: no more buses throughout the department from 9 p.m. and then 7 p.m. The festivities normally present during the summer have been cancelled, notably on July 14.
What could have been the tipping points for this movement to gain momentum and be joined by other struggles?
These riots were a little better perceived than those of 2005, because there was a general anger after the demonstrations on pensions and Sainte Soline, which can help to better understand this movement.
For there to be a connection, forces are needed, but the revolutionary movement no longer exists. The first phase would be to create a link, but relatively few activists live in these working-class neighborhoods.
With the yellow vests, there was no need for revolutionary organizations to create these links, it happened quite naturally on the roundabouts.
There was a social explosion with a speech and demands among the GJ. A fairly political movement and bearer of projects, which temporarily put the cogs of the state in difficulty and managed to get 7 billion while the state coffers were supposedly empty. Most of the parties and union organizations refused to analyze the GJ as a political revolt.
Participating in a riot is part of the culture of young people in the neighborhood. They defend their territories, it is anger expressed in actions. Young people say “there are no slogans, we just act”, but it is not just anger, the message is clear, a guy is getting killed, we have to react so that the next one is not me. And we are tired of being victims of this increasingly racist police.
Working-class neighborhoods are more often stigmatized, especially during Covid, and more recently for the defense of terrorism because of support for Palestine and at the time of the Olympic Games, there was a lot of repression, searches and house arrests.
But the inhabitants of working-class neighborhoods also participate in the struggles, notably in the mobilizations for Palestine; there are many people from the neighborhoods and few political organizations.
If the left had made immigrants vote as it had promised in 81, politicians would care more about the inhabitants of the suburbs. During the strike at Talbot in June and July 1982, in addition to wage demands and improved working conditions, skilled workers of immigrant origin fought for their union freedoms. The Mauroy government (socialist) denounced them as being manipulated by Islamists, to discredit their struggles and demands.
Since then, the Islamists have taken up a lot of space, and the dealers regulate the economy and regulate the neighborhoods, it is one of the cogs of the system.
The targets were also clear in the 93 all the companies in the free zone burned down. Many public institutions and banks were attacked. And if the school burns down it is perhaps because it is raining in the classrooms. The school is also one of the places of social discrimination and reproduction of the dominant ideology. And it also serves as a daycare, to get parents back to work, as we saw during Covid.
And after?
These events have had a strong impact on people and minds. There were discussions between young people and other residents in many neighborhoods after the riots.
It is a continuation of other movements. All actions, whether ecological, riots, GJ, anti-pension, feed off each other. A wealth is created, and something remains, it is added to what happened before. For example, the demonstrations after the yellow vests were modeled, took the same form as that of the GJ.
For the moment these different movements do not really look at each other, they remain very separate. It is our job to create links. We could have helped them on the question of repression, it was an opportunity to bring a clear political point of view by showing solidarity and saying that we are right to revolt, that the riot is legitimate.
The Yellow Vests are not joining the demonstrations of support, probably because of the trauma caused by the enormous police repression still underway. There are still trials and the families are affected by the injured. They are not putting themselves forward, even if some are still in the movements. It is a missed opportunity, people did not come out, they left the kids all alone.
The media sets the pace and delivers a discourse. We see this in the difference in treatment with the farmers’ riots that went as far as Paris.
There is another component missing, something stronger than the riot. The form was liked, being where the cops are not, but it is difficult to continue when the government sends tanks against the rioters.
We are not just in solidarity, but we fight to change the world for us too, where we are. It was complicated to mobilize even in the union organizations.
There were calls to go to court where the young people were appearing immediately, but they were well guarded. In addition, the majority were summoned to the juvenile court, therefore without an audience. In Bobigny, you had to know in which room the trial was taking place in order to be able to enter, and since the clerks were also on strike, there was no indication of the room. However, there were many more people at the trials than in 2005.
Some anti-repression groups spend more time dealing with the left and have missed the riots. Nevertheless, an anti-repression and anti-racist fund has been created.
On the relationship to the image , we keep saying that we should not film during demonstrations or other things, while we see that the movement began thanks to the video of Nahel’s death and that perhaps without this shocking video, nothing would have happened. Can’t the videos serve as an archive of what happened, scenes of looting, cop attacks, the jubilation…? So as not to forget.
Odile
Notes
1- The film Athena – Athena is a French film released on Netflix in 2022 and directed by Romain Gavras. Grandson of an Algerian rifleman, Abdel is a young lieutenant in the French army, engaged in Mali. He returns following the death of his youngest brother Idir, apparently deceased as a result of a police blunder. Abdel finds his family torn apart, between the desire for revenge of his little brother Karim and the business in peril of his big brother dealer Moktar, he tries to calm the tensions. Minute by minute, the Athena city plunges into chaos, then the situation degenerates into civil war throughout France… The end of the film reveals that a small far-right group staged the fake police blunder that cost Idir his life.
2- Immigration and Suburbs Movement
3- FASTI Federation of ASTI- Associations of Solidarity with All Immigrants. GISTI Information and Support Group for Immigrants
Further Reading
https://infokiosques.net/spip.php?page=lire&id_article=2061
https://illwill.com/nothing-left-to-loot
20/12/2024
On the 27th November dozens of riot police carried out dawn raids on the Kurdish Community Centre (KCC) in Harringey, North London, and several home addresses across the capital.
A number of anti-genocide activists from the Kurdish refugee community were arrested under terrorism charges, several more comrades were arrested the same day on protest related charges. A wave of protests, an occupation and hunger strikes followed until KCC was returned to the community. Under constant pressure the return took place over a week earlier then planned, despite what appears to have been a multi-million pound policing operation.
The dawn raids came just weeks after Turkey’s minister of foreign affairs Hakan Fidan, a leading fascist in Erdogan’s AKP party, met with Britain’s foreign secretary David Lammy, also the local MP for Harringey. This attack on the Kurdish community seems to clearly be part of agreed negotiations, in exchange for Turkey’s continued support as a NATO member for western Imperialism, in particular Israeli aggression.
These raids must also be seen in the geopolitical context as part of the handover negotiations, from Bashar al-Assad’s brutal dictatorship, to a coalition made up mostly of Jihadists, including former ISIS and Al-Qaida (now known in Syria as HTS) fighters, and Turkish funded and trained militias. These militias have been taking a passive approach to Israeli aggression in the Middle East, and attacks on Syrian land, earning them support from the Western ruling class despite their political ideology.
Today (20/12/24) 6 of the Kurdish activists taken in the dawn raids had a court hearing at the old Bailey. A comrade who sometimes writes for Muntjac has written the following report from todays trial:
The 6 people charged with terror offences have been bailed for a trial date in January 2026.
In the meantime they are released on tag under house arrest and with draconian bail conditions. They have to report to the police station between 12 and 2 daily, making it hard for them to work and study, and bail conditions barring them from the area around KCC means they can’t use the Piccadilly line which goes underneath KCC or the overground line going next to it.
Kurdish activists have been asking supporters to brainstorm ways in which our networks can keep supporting the Kurdish community through this. They’ve said probably the way people can support them the most is by extending revolutionary social changes from Rojava into our countries through local neighbourhood direct democracy, environmentalism and women led liberation.
It must surely be assumed that if these people genuinely were directing a “terrorist organisation”, posing an immediate threat to life, the system would be locking them up straight away and not bailing them until 2026 under house arrest. This gives us time to turn things around, the Turkish state will be ramping up pressure on the British government to deliver long sentences. Collectively we can put greater pressure on UK politicians to put a stop to these show trials and stop supporting the genocide being waged against the only real democracy in the Middle East.
If these freedom fighters are to be given 10 year sentences, this will represent yet another grave injustice in British colonialism’s long and shameful history. What can be certain is that like every other empire before it, this systematic corruption will not be continuing indefinitely.
http://www.sojournertruth.net/interview1.html
Extracted from^
The political struggle for working class emancipation would be led by a political party of intellectuals drawn from the middle classes with a handful of advanced workers in tow. Once in government the leadership would provide proper welfare, organize the workers to produce more in order to meet the costs, the workers to be motivated either by incentives, the moral whip or Siberia. The surplus goes towards projects sanctioned by the leadership and the massive bureaucracy which hangs over to corrupt the new. Surplus for guns, travelling expenses for bureaucrats to beg loans abroad. From time to time, with less regularity as the years go by, the working class would be called to large gatherings then sent home after being told of the latest in the development plan to which they must shout their assent. All this is spiced with revolutionary slogans All independent attempts at working class and peasant organization are to be squashed with a ferocity which surpasses that meted out by previous colonial masters.